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Definition Reflux laryngitis or laryngopharyngeal reflux disease also abbreviated LPR. Digestive acid and enzymes flow upward from the stomach through the esophagus to the level of the vocal folds. This is the same process that causes gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, except that otolaryngologists are preoccupied with its effects at …

Definition of Retinitis Pigmentosa Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the name given to a group of inherited eye diseases that affect the retina (the light-sensitive part of the eye). RP causes the breakdown of photoreceptor cells (cells in the retina that detect light). Photoreceptor cells capture and process light helping us …

Radiculopathy – Overview Radiculopathy is a common condition that refers to any kind of pinched nerve root within the spine, which can then lead to a variety of painful symptoms. Nerve roots split off from the spinal cord as it travels through your vertebrae. Roots, in turn, anchor nerves, which …

Radial Tunnel Syndrome – Overview Radial Tunnel Syndrome, also known as Radial Nerve Entrapment, is a condition that occurs when the radial nerve that runs beside the bones and muscle of the forearm and elbow becomes compressed. The increased pressure on the radial nerve can cause pain in the lateral …

Description Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects girls almost exclusively. It is characterized by normal early growth and development followed by a slowing of development, loss of purposeful use of the hands, distinctive hand movements, slowed brain and head growth, problems with walking, seizures, and intellectual disability. Although …

Definition Relapsing polychondritis is an uncommon, chronic disorder of the cartilage that is characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation of the cartilage of various tissues of the body. Chondritis means inflammation of cartilage. Tissues containing cartilage that can become inflamed include the ears, nose, joints, spine, and windpipe (trachea). The …

Description Ramsay hunts syndrome (RHS) is a very rare disorder caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It is the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles. RHS is the outbreak of shingles which occurs on the facial nerves that are near the inner ear. After this, the facial nerve becomes swollen, irritated …

Introduction Rabies in Dogs – The rabies virus is a lethal and rapid-acting single-stranded RNA virus from the family Rhabdoviridae which affects the mammalian animal’s central nervous system and finally leads to acute encephalitis. There are two forms of rabies called, furious and paralytic. Initially, rabies begins as a furious …